Methyl salicylate is the most effective natural salicylic acid ester to close stomata while raising reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide in Arabidopsis guard cells

Abstract

Modulation by salicylic acid (SA) and its six esters of stomatal closure was evaluated in Arabidopsis thaliana. The seven compounds tested are salicylic acid (SA), acetylsalicylate (ASA), methyl salicylate (MeSA), propyl salicylate (PrSA), amyl salicylate, benzyl salicylate, and salicin. Among these, MeSA was the most effective to induce stomatal closure, followed by salicin and SA, while ASA was the least effective. Since SA, ASA, and MeSA could modulate plant function, the effects of these three compounds on the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or nitric oxide (NO) in guard cells were studied. MeSA and SA raised the content of ROS or NO in as with ABA. The extent of ROS/NO production in response to ASA was the lowest. Reversal by cPTIO or catalase of stomatal closure by MeSA indicated the essentiality of NO and ROS for stomatal closure. Further studies revealed peroxidase as the ROS source during stomatal closure by MeSA, unlike the dominant role of NADPH oxidase in ROS production induced by ABA. The rise in NO production by ABA or MeSA was dependent on nitrate reductase and NO synthase-like enzyme. Given its most effective nature, MeSA can be an excellent tool to examine the signaling components in guard cells and other plant tissues. The ability of MeSA to induce stomatal closure is physiologically relevant because of its volatile nature, stability, and systemic action.