ENSO Modoki teleconnections to Indian summer monsoon rainfall-A review

Abstract

The Indian summer monsoon (ISM) variability, to a significant extent, is driven by the interannual phenomena in the tropical Indo-Pacific Oceans. In this chapter, we focus on the ENSO Modoki and its impacts on ISM. We briefly introduce the ENSO Modoki and the related nomenclature. We elaborate on the characteristics of ENSO Modoki, the distinctions between the canonical ENSO and ENSO Modoki, and the impacts of Modoki on the global climate. We then explore the influence of ENSO Modoki on intraseasonal and interannual variability of ISM. We also present some preliminary analyses and the potential relevance of the canonical and Modoki ENSOs. With the increasing frequency of ENSO Modoki events compared to the canonical ENSOs, the understanding of the dynamics, evolution, and the impacts of different types of ENSOs remains very important.