Anthropology - Publications

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    From common property to private assets: Interplay between development and resource use in an Andhra village
    ( 1998-03-01) Srinivas, Suvvada ; Venkata Rao, P.
    Common property resources played a very important role in the livelihood of rural poor in India. These resources which are traditionally managed by the village panchayats, gradually declined in their quality and quantity, forcing the user groups into severe survival problems. On the other hand, developmental programmes introduced by the state did not take into account the local resource use pattern. These programmes are basically designed, keeping in view the PPR based farming, resulting in the development of rich farmers than the landless poor and other occupational categories. In this paper an attempt is made through a case study to trace out the impact of development programmes on common property resources, their decline and the consequent changes in socio-economic conditions of the village.
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    The mixed economy of the south Indian Kurumbas
    ( 2003-01-01) Tharakan, George C.
    This article reports on the Kurumbas, forager-horticulturists of Attappady, India. The concern here is with the relationship between the subsistence economy and social organization in an attempt to explain the persistence of both immediate- and delayed-return systems. The explanation I propose lies in the nature of adaptation to the physical environment and Kurumba relations with tribal and peasant neighbors that affect their subsistence pattern and put them in a state of partial transformation; i.e., suspended between, while participating in, different economic and social arenas. (Social organization, hunter-gatherers, Kurumbas, Attappady) © 2003 The University of Pittsburgh. All rights reserved.
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    Acceptability of traditional healers as directly observed treatment providers in tuberculosis control in a tribal area of Andhra Pradesh, India
    ( 2004-10-01) Banerjee, A. ; Sharma, B. V. ; Ray, A. ; Kannuri, Nanda Kishore ; Venkateswarlu, T. V.
    SETTING: Vizianagaram district of Andhra Pradesh, India, where 9% of the population is tribal. OBJECTIVE: To 1) examine traditional healers' (THs) diagnostic and treatment practices for tuberculosis (TB); 2) understand health-seeking behaviour for TB amongst tribal groups; 3) evaluate the acceptability of THs to public health workers; and 4) assess how THs can collaborate with the TB Programme METHODS: In-depth interviews with 120 THs, 37 exit interviews and four focus group discussions with TB patients; interviews with eight non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and 38 public health staff. RESULTS: There were 18 THs per 1000 population. Of the 120 THs interviewed, 15 (13%) claimed to be TB specialists. Of the 72 healers aware of TB, 65 (90%) considered prolonged cough an important symptom and 53 (74%) believed that TB could be cured with allopathic drugs. THs felt collaboration was possible by directly observed treatment (DOT) providers (49, 68%), referring symptomatic individuals (54, 75%) and offering treatment for side effects (18, 25%). CONCLUSION: Involvement of THs in the TB Control Programme may improve services as they are a major health service provider in tribal areas and are acceptable as DOT providers to patients, public health providers and NGO workers.
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    Louis Dumont and the essence of Dravidian kinship terminology: The case of Muduga
    ( 2006-01-01) Tharakan, George C.
    This article presents an analysis of relationship terms among the Muduga of Kerala, South India, and also attempts to provide a reasonable elucidation of the issues precipitated in the recent discussions on the subject of Dravidian kinship by Rudner (1990, 1997), Parkin (1996, 1997), and Busby (1997). Accepting that Dumont's model has its own impediments, I argue that his paradigmatic structure nonetheless does adequately represent the essence of the Dravidian terminological system. I base my discussion of Dravidian terminology on evidence from the Muduga of Kerala as well as other neighboring Tamil communities. Copyright © by The University of New Mexico.
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    Gift and commodity: On the nature of Muduga transaction
    ( 2007-01-01) Tharakan C., George
    This essay focuses on the nature of transaction among the Muduga, a tribal community in South India, and tries to explore the idea of the correlation between kinship structure and exchange. Traditional anthropological views of exchange characterize gift and commodity as oppositional and mutually exclusive. I argue that Muduga transactions, though predominantly of the gift exchange type, share also certain characteristics with the commodity type. Considering both types as coexisting but varying in their relative importance, depending on the social relations and the context of specific transactions, we arrive at a deeper understanding of Muduga transaction.
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    Agnatic notion, bilateral tendencies and the organisation of local groups among the Muduga
    ( 2012-10-01) Tharakan C, George
    This article examines the agnatic notion and the organisation of local groups among the Muduga of Attappady in Kerala. Ethnographic evidence shows that the actual practices of the Muduga deviate from an ideal patrilineal type, exhibiting bilateral tendencies which are not characteristic of a strong patrilineal system, thereby making the Muduga case appear to fall between the African and Melanesian type. In the understanding of kin groups, there is a need to differentiate between social groups and cultural categories. The nature of Muduga kinship can be understood only by meaningfully linking ideal and actual behaviour through the interrelationship between structural premises and practice. © SAGE Publications 2012.
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    What matters in the schooling of tribal girls? A study in Visakhapatnam agency area of Andhra Pradesh
    ( 2016-04-01) Sharma, B. V. ; Pukkalla, Dalibandhu ; Srinivasu, N.
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    Problems of HIV/AIDS infected women in Manipur: Agenda for policy change
    ( 2017-01-25) Singh, M. Romesh
    Manipur has experienced an alarming rise in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected persons and persons with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), which has been the most serious public health problem, and AIDS has become the number one killer of young people. This tiny state is one of the top six states having the highest number of HIV-positive cases in the country. Initially, it was mainly spread through injecting drug users but now the epidemic is not only confined to the injecting drug users and has spread to their sexual partners, to their children, and to others as well. The majority of the infected people belong to younger and working age groups; it is reported that the HIV sero-prevalence rate among pregnant women has raised alarmingly. The impact of HIV is also more severely felt by the women in the state. In these families, women provide financial support to the family and they find it difficult to earn their livelihood due to the lack of availability of work in the state. In such situations they are forced to work as commercial sex workers. This has also increased the risk of infection among women who were previously considered as being a low-risk group. One should bear in mind that the risk of infection among women means the risk of infection for generations to come. In this backdrop, the present article is an attempt to explore the problems of HIV/AIDS infected women in Manipur.
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    Business anthropology: New area of research in Indian anthropology
    ( 2017-11-11) Singh, M. Romesh
    This article highlights the potential use of business anthropology as an effective means of studying business orgnisations in India. There have been ongoing debates among anthropologists on the present trends and crisis in Indian anthropology. Many scholars have refl ected that there is an urgent need for reorienting the direction of research in anthropology in India to arrest the decline of the discipline.
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    Occupational health risks and etiologies among the Jalari community of Northern District of Andhra Pradesh, India
    ( 2018-01-01) Pukkalla, Dalibandhu ; Sharma, B. V.
    The perceived health risks of fishermen in India have not been studied in any satisfactory detail by scholars. The paper examines the occupational risks for fishermen under the categories of a) injuries and fractures due to falls; b) illness/morbidity due to the equipment used; c) musculoskeletal disorders due to the nature of the work; d) morbidity due to the timing of work; e) habits and addictions as part of their work socialization. Further, the stress being experienced by the fisherfolk and the perceived consequences of such stress on their physical and mental health is also not dealt with earlier. This paper examines the aspect of the double burden of increased morbidity and reduced economic returns on the fisherfolk, as well as the consequences of economic stress on the social health of the people in terms of strained relationships with community members both within and outside of the family.
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    Catalysts but Not Magicians: Role of NGOs in the Tribal Development
    ( 2018-04-01) Thamminaina, Apparao
    The territories inhabited by the tribal communities of India often attract a wide variety of external agents and agencies for variety of reasons. One very important segment of such agencies often cites development and transformation of tribal communities as the prime objective. The “official” category is the agency of planned change, and its responsibility is to work in accordance with the profile of the job or institution. Besides this, there is another important category, “social worker,” whose presence is voluntary, at least in theory. The dominant section of the later is popular as nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). In recent years, efforts are made to bring together the activities of government and NGOs to maximize the benefit to tribal communities and to speed up the process of social and economic transformation. The idea of government organization and nongovernmental organization (GO-NGO) partnership gained momentum. The results of these partnerships proved positive when compared with the programs implemented by the government organization alone. Several NGOs are successful because they train local youth as resource persons according to the needs of development initiatives. However, it is not necessary that every development activity implemented by them would be successful. In this context, the article examines the role of NGOs in the process of tribal development by analyzing their activities and the results.
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    Delivering quality education to girls from particularly vulnerable tribal groups (PVTGS) in India
    ( 2019-01-01) Mohanty, Seemita ; Thamminaina, Apparao ; Kanungo, Pallavi
    Purpose of the study: The Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) are the least developed among all the communities in India. In spite of multiple state-supported schemes to bring about positive changes in their lives, the results have been abysmally poor. This study aims at identifying the social and cultural barriers that have prevented school-going PVTG girls to participate in education and to suggest the enablers that would facilitate their level of participation in education. Methodology: The study was conducted in Sundargarh and Mayurbhanj districts of Odisha (India) comprising four PVTGs, namely, Paudi Bhuiyan, Lodha, Hill Kharia, and Mankidia. For the selection of villages in the districts, a list of villages inhabited by these four tribes was prepared. After filtering out the populated villages, a random selection of four villages was made for each selected tribe. The study included PVTG girls in the age group of 6-14 years, and 80 girls, including both school-going students, and out-of-school girls were randomly accessed to meet the objectives of the study. A mixed-method approach was adopted to identify the barriers to participation in education. Firstly, the primary responses were collected during a five-month period from Aug-Dec, 2018 by using three separate interview schedules for the girls, their parents, and the school teachers. Data triangulation was further done through four focused group discussions (FGD) in the selected villages. The feedbacks thus received were used to prepare the proposed educational structure for the PVTG girls. Additionally, content analysis of all the audio-visual recordings collected during the fieldwork was done to enumerate the case-studies pertaining to each district. Main Findings: The results indicate that the dropout percentage is more among students in classes VI-VII as compared to lower classes. Assisting in household work and in agricultural lands during harvest season, single-teacher schools, which are a reality in many remote schools of the districts, and predominantly male teachers in day-schools, are other hindering factors. Applications of this study: The study holds implications for researchers and scholars working in the fields of tribal studies and education and other allied areas. It can assist the policymakers in taking corrective measures to address some of the persistent issues relating to tribal girl-child education. Novelty/Originality of this study: The novelty of the paper lies in the proposed methodical model that takes into account the ground-level realities, which need to be addressed to enhance the tribal girls ’ participation in quality education. Negative and positive influences of siblings staying and studying in the same residential schools have been identified in this study which could be taken up for further research.
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    Gender and Division of Labor: Capturing Inequality through an Ethnographic Study
    ( 2019-09-01) Singh, M. Romesh
    This paper attempts to connect questions of gender construction and gender-based discrimination in terms of access to “…. Resources…. especially knowledge, power, position and culture…. and contribute….” to gender sensitive ethnographic studies; to examine occupational, structural and power inequalities within the tribal village setting of Boddaputtu and Borrapallam. It focuses on the economic conditions, the determinants by which labor is divided, and how these two systems “intertwine,” all of which influence how aspects of gender are constructed and reinforced. The paper highlights that there is division of labor that prescribes certain economic activities to males and certain activities to females.
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    Economic Transformations in a Savara Village of Andhra Pradesh: Tamarind to Cashew
    ( 2019-11-01) Sharma, Bhallamudi V.
    Even tribal communities in India living in relative geographic isolation have experienced significant transformations during the last 70 years. Many studies have investigated the impact of tribal development programmes on the socio-economic conditions of different tribal communities. However, few attempts to systematically re-study the same tribal village after some decades have been made. This article re-examines the transformation of different sources of income for a Savara village in Andhra Pradesh and specifically scrutinises the impact of cashew plantations promoted in 1983–5. Since the acceptance to undertake cashew plantation was a precondition for the Savara of Manapuram to achieve economic and language integration, the question becomes what have been the results after some decades. The article identifies many consequences for this community, not just a shift from tamarind to cashew.
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    Barriers, opportunities, and enablers to educate girls from Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs): A systematic review of literature
    ( 2020-11-01) Thamminaina, Apparao ; Kanungo, Pallavi ; Mohanty, Seemita
    This study aims to provide insight into educating girls from Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) in India. It synthesizes themes to understand the barriers, opportunities, and the enablers that ensue alongside their educational journey. The paper employs the SPIDER tool for systematic review, JabRef, to remove duplicate articles, and Rayyan QCRI to present the selected articles as results. Finally, the elements from the SQUIRE 2.0 was applied for evaluating the quality of results. Only 45 articles from those published from 2011 to 2019 were found suitable. Findings highlight the lack of educational advancement among the PVTG girls even though SDG-4 ensures quality education to all. In summary, most researchers have emphasised on overall tribal education, while very few have focused on either tribal or PVTG girls’ education. Similarly, readers from various corners of the world have exposure to articles that are either based on health or ethno-medicinal practices of the PVTGs. This study would be useful both for academic research and policy framework as the study synthesizes a broad range of published research. The study fills the gap by assembling evidence from literature and integrates the findings for a clear understanding of the significance of education for PVTG girls.
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    Single Mothers: Strategies of Family Management and Support Systems in Relation to Health
    ( 2021-01-01) Mishra, Pooja Shree ; Thamminaina, Apparao ; Mishra, Niharranjan
    The status of women in contemporary society is a vital aspect of debates concerning gender inequality, women’s subordination, violence against women, and women’s empowerment. The responses of women to these problems vary across different social and spatial categories. One of the significant responses is the change in the family structure that leads to the emergence of single-parent families, particularly single-mother families. Few studies in the Indian context deal with the causes of rising numbers of single-mother families. Furthermore, there are no significant studies concerning the issues single mothers face. Being single and a mother is a significant challenge for a woman in Indian society. A divorced single mother faces various constraints and challenges while leading a household after the marital disruption. Single mothers face many physical and psychological problems, including taking care of herself and children in matters of health and well-being. The present study investigates the constraints of divorced single mothers concerning their social support systems and family management strategies as they influence mental and physical health. The study is an outcome of twenty-five case studies of divorced single mothers residing in Hyderabad, India. The results are drawn using interpretive phenomenological analysis.
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    Synthesis of Novel Hexaazaisowurtzitane Cages to Access CL-20
    ( 2022-01-01) Aravindu, Pampuram ; Rani, Karike Durga ; Shaik, Abdul Munaf ; Kommu, Nagarjuna ; Rao, Vepa Kameswara
    A novel hexacyclopropylhexaazaisowurtzitane (HCPIW) and hexacyclobutylhexaazaisowurtzitane (HCBIW) cage compounds were synthesized using a straightforward method by reacting glyoxal with the corresponding cycloalkylamines such as cyclopropylamine and cyclobutylamine in the presence of a catalytic amount of an acid. The obtained compounds were characterized in detail by spectroscopic and X-ray diffraction analyses. HCPIW and HCBIW with 99% and 98% purity were obtained without column chromatography. Nitration of HCPIW with H2SO4/HNO3 in dichloromethane solvent successfully afforded CL-20, high energy propellant and explosive in 25% yield.