Sociology - Publications

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    Response to drought - An overview
    ( 1996-03-01) Purendra Prasad, N.
    Analyses of famine and drought generally tend to rely on macro data on food production, demographic and economic changes affecting large populations spread over a vast region or regions. Droughts occurring at local-level have received far less attention. These local level droughts could be confined to a district, a few villages or these could affect those practising a single craft or occupation. There are several studies conducted by researchers of different disciplines to find out the coping mechanisms of various categories of people in time and space. In this paper an attempt is made to analyse the concept of drought and problems/issues involved in studying the impact of drought.
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    Cognitive beliefs as a coping mechanism of drought
    ( 1997-12-01) Purendra Prasad, N.
    This study was conducted in all the 192 households of a single village covering with a holistic approach to find out the various strategies adapted by people of different socioeconomic strata in coping with drought. The findings revealed that despite inequalities in the social system, people belonging to all ethnic groups and social classes come together in performing the rituals associated with the 'Rain God' and the distinctions in terms of caste and class get temporarily suspended during crisis periods.
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    Biotechnology and the industrialization of horticulture in India
    ( 2002-01-01) Raghava Reddy, C. ; Haribabu, E.
    This paper delineates changes in the organization of the production of horticultural plants as a result of the introduction of plant tissue culture techniques in India. Conventionally, horticultural plantlets have been produced in farmer-managed nurseries by using traditional plant breeding techniques such as grafting, budding, layering, seed propagation, etc. Over several centuries, the production process was organized as a craft, based on empirical experience. During the last decade, many multinational corporations and large Indian industrial companies have made substantial investments in horticulture by deploying tissue culture. In a comparative study of nurseries using conventional plant breeding techniques and plant tissue culture, it was observed that production processes had undergone several changes as a result of the introduction of tissue culture. In traditional nurseries the production process was organized according to the simple division of labour. In contrast, plant tissue culture technology was introduced within a complex organizational structure with a formal hierarchy similar to that of the manufacturing industry. Plant tissue culture has ushered in the industrialization of horticulture.
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    Gender and procreative ideologies among the Kolams of Maharashtra
    ( 2006-01-01) Kumar, Pushpesh
    Procreative ideologies, alternatively called conception beliefs, are ideas concerning the male and female contributions to biological reproduction. Expressed through the metaphor of 'seed' and 'earth' in many South Asian cultures, these ideologies have been found to be demonstrably gendered, acting sometimes as a central variable in mediating men's and women's access to material and symbolic resources. Many gender-sensitive ethnographies have demonstrated the power of this metaphorical understanding in regulating and controlling the body and sexuality of women, and affecting the everyday lives of men and women as gendered subjects. The present article examines and evaluates the operation of procreative ideology in the case of the Kolams, a 'primitive' tribal community in south-eastern Maharashtra. © 2006 SAGE Publications New Delhi/Thousand Oaks/London.
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    Constructivism in social science methodology: A reconsideration
    ( 2006-01-01) Hegde, Sasheej
    Underlying the resurgence of theory and methods in social science research is the position that has been termed, broadly, 'constructivism'. This article is an attempt to critically engage with this positon. Especially, it will be concerned to tackle the epistemological coordinates that attach to this position, while going on to reposition it in the context of debates in the history and philosophy of science and social science. The objective here is not to argue for one or other of the various sides to the methodological debate on constructivism, but to foreground how both critics and advocates can be addressing the question of scientific knowledge and truth in social science methodology.
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    A rapid appraisal of organization and influence of RCH camps in selected districts of Uttar Pradesh
    ( 2008-04-01) Gupta, S. B. ; Dabral, M. ; Dhingra, Reeta ; Piang, L. K. ; Tiwari, V. K. ; Adhish, Vivek ; Nandan, Deoki
    The key objective of the study was to assess whether RCH camps are being organised as per the set guidelines, the referral mechanism, follow-up activities and client satisfaction. It was an observational type of study in which the organisational activities of RCH camps were assessed through direct observation, in-depth interviews and exit-interviews of the beneficiaries in eight districts of Uttar Pradesh in the year 2007-2008. The study found that most of the CMOs/Dy. CMOs (87.5%) received guidelines from State but approximately half (37.5%) participated in State level training and organised district level training (25%). 75 per cent of Block Medical Officers I/c told that they had received guidelines and training to conduct RCH camps, and among para-medical service providers most (88.24%) received training to organise RCH camps. In majority of the places problem faced by para-medical workers was work overload (50%) and approximately half of the places lack of staff (33.33%) was the main problem. Approximately half of the places of CMO/Dy. CMO (37.5%) suggested that increase in manpower (medical and para-medical) especially surgeons is a must to improve quality of RCH camps. Increase in budget (25%) and re-orientation training of ANM, ASHA and other para-medical staff (25%) were other suggestions.
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    The demands of contemporary history: A comment
    ( 2008-12-01) Hegde, Sasheej
    If the problem at issue is the way in which Indian history is currently conceived and practised, then where does the historical basis for that conception come from, if not from the serious distortions introduced by the vacillations of historians themselves?
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    Assessment of utilization of RCH services and client satisfaction at different level of health facilities in Varanasi District.
    ( 2009-01-01) Srivastava, R. K. ; Kansal, S. ; Tiwari, V. K. ; Piang, L. ; Chand, R. ; Nandan, Deoki
    OBJECTIVE: To assess the various factors influencing utilization and non-utilization of RCH services and extent of client satisfaction. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted during October to December 2008 at two selected blocks of Varanasi district, Uttar Pradesh. Principal study subjects were 509 women having children less than 12 months old, selected through a multistage sampling technique. Data were collected through in-depth interview and Focus Group Discussions conducted among the beneficiaries of the services. RESULTS: The study revealed that utilisation of the RCH services in the government facilities was higher among the backward classes than the general category; higher the level of education the lower was the utilisation of government services. Over all, 16% of the respondents were not satisfied with government facilities. 25% of the SC category was not satisfied with the services in spite of being the main users. Among RCH services utilization was highest (89%) for antenatal care services (ANC). 41.6% respondents did not receive any Post Natal Care (PNC) after their most recent birth. About 30% deliveries were at home out of which only 10% received PNC whereas out of 70% institutional deliveries about 80% received PNC. Overall 16.3 % of the respondents were not satisfied with the services provided by government health facilities. Around 16% and 14% were not satisfied with the behavior of medical officer and the health workers respectively and non-satisfaction was highest among SC category. CONCLUSION: All health facilities need to be made functional according to Indian Public Health Standards (IPHS) of NRHM.
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    Indigenous system of medicine lady doctors and general nurse midwives in operationalization of 24 x 7 services under NRHM in selected districts of Uttar Pradesh.
    ( 2009-01-01) Dwivedi, S. ; Singh, R. ; Piang, L. K. ; Dhar, N. ; Adhish, V. ; Nandan, Deoki
    OBJECTIVES: To find out the status of utilization of MCH services after the induction of the indigenous system of medicine (ISM) lady doctors and CNMs for 24 x 7 services and the acceptance of this innovation by the health system and the community. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study conducted during October to November 2008 in 10 blocks of 5 selected districts in Uttar Pradesh. Study subjects (CMO, MO I/C, ISM lady doctors, GNMs, PRI members) were interviewed and FGDs were also conducted. RESULTS: Shortages of medical and paramedical staff as well as facilities for institutional delivery at the district and block level were revealed. Only 6 out of 16 ISMs were trained. Knowledge of the ISMs/GNMs was lacking in many essential components of MCH including identifying high-risk pregnancy, high-risk newborn for urgent and timely referral. 36% could identify high-risk pregnancy and only 18% used partograph during labour. About 68% of the ISMs/GNMs were dissatisfied regarding honorarium, 59% with work conditions and 55% with delivery instrument. Induction of ISMs/GNMs were welcomed and accepted by medical officers and panchayets. Delay in payment of honorarium and pay disparity between MBBS doctors and ISM lady doctors and lack of proper logistic support were some of the problems facing the ISMs/GNMs. CONCLUSION: For sustenance, in service training, provision of transport and accommodation, logistic support, well equipped labour room, timely monitoring and supervision, removal of pay disparities need to be ensured. The contractual appointment should also be made permanent and lucrative.
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    Sexual orientation
    ( 2009-07-25) Baruah, Apurba K. ; Sharma, Manorama ; Misra, Tilottama Sharma ; Misra, Udayon ; Desouza, Shaila ; Siqueira, Alito ; Bhimalapuram, Prabhakar ; Madhava Krishna, K. ; Laltu, Harjinder Singh ; Dechamma, Sowmya ; Haragopal, G. ; Joseph, Jenson ; Ramana Murthy, R. V. ; Yasser Arafath, P. K. ; Palshikar, Sanjay ; Patel, Sujata ; Patnaik, Arun Kumar ; Rayaprol, Aparna ; Suneetha, A. ; Poduval, Satish ; Madhava Prasad, M. ; Manohar Reddy, N. ; Tharu, Susie ; Dhar, Anup ; Ghoshal, Rakhi ; Niranjana, Tejaswini ; Pinto, Rochelle
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    Postnational condition: Objections and extensions
    ( 2009-11-07) Hegde, Sasheej
    A detailed response to each of the articles published in the special section, "The Postnational Condition" (EPW, 7 March 2009).
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    Rape of justice in Shopian
    ( 2009-12-19) Sethi, Manisha ; Mehdi, Adeel ; Sohaib, Ahmed ; Shahnawaz, Ghazi ; Misra, Sanghamitra ; Al Qadar, Ambarien ; Fazal, Tanweer ; Alam, Anwar ; Farooqi, Farah ; Razak, Azra ; Ahmed, Shakeb ; Ul Haq, Haris
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    Mainstreaming gender perspective in the national health programmes: The challenges ahead
    ( 2010-01-01) Piang, L. K. ; Khattar, Poonam ; Nandan, Deoki
    Poverty and ill health affect both men and women. However, the problems get compounded for women for many reasons like lack of resources, decision-making, etc. While men have higher rates of disease morbidity for major diseases such as tuberculosis, malaria and others; a large proportion of women die due to the fact that they are brought for diagnosis and treatment at severe or last stages. The differences between female and male prevalence and incidence rates are difficult to measure since cases in women are more likely to be undetected especially for diseases like leprosy Social insurance schemes usually implicitly exclude many women who work at home or in the informal sector. Despite expression of concern by policy makers/gender specialists, the situation of women is not accurately reflected in routinely collected health statistics. A major thrust of many national and international goals is now on achieving equity in terms of health goals for both the sexes while simultaneously decreasing the gender disparities between indicators like health, education, etc. Any project intervention can both reinforce the existing gender roles, stereotypes and thus, not affect the developmental goals or promote gender equity into positive developmental outcomes. This paper examines some of the National Health Programmes and the gender component associated with these programmes. It also suggests some approaches for analysis of gender aspects into the activities and interventions for any programme/project.
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    Between identity and equity: An agenda for affirmative action for Muslims
    ( 2010-01-01) Fazal, Tanweer
    The Constitution recognises only three social categories for the purpose of reservation: Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs) and Socially and Educationally Backward Classes (SEBCs) or Other Backward Classes (OBCs). In operational terms, it is only in the category of OBC that Muslims can avail the benefi t of reservations. The Constitution (Scheduled Caste) Order, 1950 restricts the benefi ts accruing to the SC status only to the ‘untouchables’ from the so-called ‘Indic’ religions (see Fazal 2006). ST status, though theoretically open, does not hold much meaning given the miniscule percentage (0.03 per cent, Census of 1991) of those characterised as STs among Muslims. The Constitutional reference to the term ‘backward classes’ fi nds place in articles 15(4) and 16(4) wherein the state is empowered to make special provisions for SEBCs. However, the defi nition and identifi cation of the term has defi ed fi xity, giving rise to variegated legal and constitutional ambiguities.
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    The globalizing state, public services and the new governance of urban local communities in India: A colloquium
    ( 2010-01-01) Shah, Ghanshyam ; Joshi, Arpita ; Purendra Prasad, N. ; Chettiparamb, Angelique ; Sekher, Madhushree ; Kumar, Manoj ; Singh, Lakhan ; Samanta, Gopa ; Mathur, Navdeep
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    Batla house 'encounter'
    ( 2010-04-03) Fazal, Tanweer ; Farooqi, Farah ; Mehndi, Adil
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    Sanma told me: Narratives of gendered violence
    ( 2010-10-01) Kumar, Pushpesh
    Through the biographical narratives of a Kolam woman of a tribal village in western India, the article delineates experiences of violence which the victim is unable to articulate in her own world. Cultural discourse might simultaneously violate and obliterate comprehension of violence from the victim's perspective. In such situations, what is experienced as violence by the woman constitutes is lawful activity in the eyes of the community. The article pithily dwells upon the duality of sexual norms in the village which has consequences for women's agency and (in)ability to resist violence. It looks at the community's inclination for boundary maintenance which is threatened through its women's transgressive sexual acts. The fall-out is continual de-legitimacy for the concerned woman to invoke the communitarian justice system. This can happen even among communities practicing liberal gender norms. Resistance to cultural violence does require support systems outside the kinship domain. It does necessitate secular interventions; an unconditional legitimation of secular reasoning cannot, however, be warranted because it might have implications for erasing existing egalitarian norms. © 2010 CWDS SAGE Publications.
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    Understanding gender justice: Perceptions of lawyers in india
    ( 2010-10-01) Rayaprol, Aparna ; Ray, Sawmya
    The Indian Constitution is a woman-friendly document but institutionalised patriarchy in society at large has made it quite difficult to practice gender equality in courts. The women's movements in India have been battling with the courts for more than three decades on issues related to various forms of violence against women in both public and private spheres. In this article, the focus is on understanding the perceptions of the lawyers who have been fighting cases related to gender justice as well as working towards changing the law itself. Feminist lawyers have been an integral part of the women's movement in India and have helped achieve the passage of new laws. The study highlights the problems faced by lawyers and their sense of the challenges involved. © 2010 CWDS SAGE Publications.